The main advantages of having multiple nationalities:
Increased Travel Flexibility: This is especially beneficial if you are from countries ranked lower on the "Henley Passport Index". For frequent travellers holding Indonesian passports, this is the main advantage.
If you are holding a passport from a country with no or very little socials security benefit; if you were running out of money you could easily immigrate to another country and you get a lot of freebies, free healthcare, free eduction, free accommodation right from day one without the need to meet the residency requirement.
More opportunities with Less paperwork for Economic and Business activities: For instance, in Indonesia, there is the possibility to own freehold landed properties, to work in Indonesia, open a business with minimum restriction. Being able to work, open business in both countries with less paperwork and restriction is a significant benefit.
More Consular Protection and Assistance, Safety and Security: In case of emergencies such as political unrest, natural disasters, or other crises, having a second passport provides an exit strategy.
More Educational Opportunities: For example, an Indonesian citizen holding another passport, such as a UK passport would be eligible for student loans to study in higher education in the UK funded by the taxpayer. For this they also need to meet the residency requirement.
However, any rights come with responsibilities and therefore might become disadvantages/liabilities:
I have not studied this in detail, but in the example above of Ukraine's, Russian's dual nationalities, conscription for both countries might be mandated (?). What happen if they have both Russian and Ukrainian passport ? Family members, close relatives, might be fighting in the front line from the opposite site. Just as a reminder, Indonesian citizen are required to be ready for conscription if needed by the country. It is stated in the constitution.
The taxation might not be in your favour. For instance, this is one of the reasons frequently cited for why the co-founder of Facebook (now Meta), Eduardo Saverin decided to renounce his US nationality when he chose to reside in Singapore.
But in the vast majority of cases, the advantages will outweigh the disadvantages. I fully believe many people, if offered the opportunity, will choose to have multiple passports. It is similar to having multiple credit/debit cards and bank accounts in different countries.
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